Preface for the Special Issue on “Mud Volcanoes: Their Nature and Significance in Applied Earth Sciences”

Preface for the special issue on domains

• Users may freely distribute the URL that is used to identify this publication. • Users may download and/or print one copy of the publication from the University of Birmingham research portal for the purpose of private study or non-commercial research. • User may use extracts from the document in line with the concept of ‘fair dealing’ under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 (?) • Us...

Glaciers and Their Significance for the Earth Nature

Preface of the Special Issue

To prove the correctness of a program is to demonstrate, through impeccable mathematical techniques, that it has no bugs; to test a program is to run it with the expectation of discovering bugs. The two techniques seem contradictory: if you have proved correctness of your program, it is fruitless to comb it for bugs; and if you are testing it, that is surely a sign that you have given up any ho...

Preface to the Special Issue

Large-scale assessments, such as Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study (TIMSS) and Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA), provide big data in the educational context. A researcher who wants to conduct a secondary analysis using this big data has to notice that analyses of this type of data require considering some technical complexities. Among these complexities ...

Preface for the special issue on Games and AI

Ever since humans achieved some degree of civilization, they have played games. The two most important reasons for games to be played are their intellectual challenge and their entertainment value. For the first reason games are used as a testing ground for computational intelligence. Since the 1950s the AI community compares the computer performance with the human performance [2], or otherwise...